The McKinley layout is underpinned by four key technical systems: LocoNet, Train Controller, RFID, and a custom-built railway database and traffic software. These components work together to deliver highly coordinated operations across a vast and complex layout.
LocoNet – The Communications Backbone
LocoNet is McKinley’s core data bus, responsible for handling all command and sensor communication. Originally developed by Digitrax, it supports simultaneous train control (via throttles and boosters) and real-time data exchange between devices like point motors, sensors, signal drivers, and control panels.
LocoNet operates at a relatively slow 14 kilobits per second—a speed that may seem archaic but is well-suited to a model railway environment where reliability and immunity to electrical interference are paramount. This slow but stable speed ensures data integrity across the layout.
McKinley’s size, however, exceeds LocoNet’s native limits. Cable lengths over 350m and more than 100 connected devices can cause voltage drop and timing issues. To overcome this, the layout uses four separate LocoNet buses:
- Throttle and booster network
- Data network for the original layout
- Data network for the extension
- Traffic software interface to Train Controller
The fourth network is particularly creative. Since Train Controller lacks an API, McKinley’s software sends “sensor” messages via LocoNet to trigger specific train schedules. Train Controller replies using “switch” messages—essentially creating a handshake system for reliable schedule control.
Train Controller – Reliable Automation
When McKinley began over 20 years ago, Train Controller, a German software package, was the only realistic option for automated control. While other systems like iTrain have since emerged, Train Controller remains the backbone due to its reliability and robustness.
Train Controller is designed for full automation, where the computer controls all train movements using a digital map of the railway. Operators input the layout diagram, sensors, block sections, point addresses, and train profiles. The software then runs trains safely and efficiently based on this information.
However, McKinley prefers a human-centric operating model, with automation providing support—not taking over. Train Controller does not natively support external control through a high-level interface. Hence, McKinley’s team developed a workaround using LocoNet messages to communicate with Train Controller in a structured, reliable way.
This limitation could eventually prompt a migration to alternative software if another vendor can provide better integration while maintaining the same level of performance.
RFID – Tracking Stock in Real Time
One of the challenges with DCC systems is that trains cannot identify themselves or report their locations. McKinley solved this by developing a custom RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) system in collaboration with Eccel Technology.
RFID tags are installed underneath each locomotive and set of rolling stock. These tags respond when they pass over antennas embedded in the track, which then relay identification data to the layout’s control systems. There are 179 readers across McKinley’s tracks, each associated with a track block.
This is similar to contactless payment: as a tag passes over a reader, it receives power wirelessly, then transmits its unique ID. The system forwards this information to the central railway database using MQTT, where it's matched to known stock and locations.
RFID doesn’t track direction, but it allows reliable and near-instant recognition of what passed where and when. Trains can be tracked moving at speeds equivalent to 120mph scale speed with high accuracy. This makes RFID far more scalable and robust than DCC-based solutions like transponding or RailCom.
Railway Database & Traffic Software – The Brain Behind the Operation
At the heart of McKinley is its custom-designed railway database, which stores every aspect of the layout’s infrastructure, rolling stock, and operational rules. With over 2,600 pieces of rolling stock and 87 tables tracking 16,000 records, it is a comprehensive digital replica of the physical layout.
The database records:
- Full inventory of all stock, each with over 180 data fields
- All layout modules, sensors, point motors, and signals
- All logical blocks and their interconnections
- The status and location of every RFID reader and every rolling stock unit
This data model is made operational via the Traffic Software, which acts as a bridge between LocoNet, Train Controller, RFID, and the railway database. It provides a broad set of capabilities, including:
- Live monitoring of block occupancy, signals, switches, and RFID reads
- System health checks at startup to confirm all modules are active
- Throttle conflict management between operators and automation
- Short circuit reporting to the relevant station or yard teams
- Schedule initiation and confirmation via handshake messages with Train Controller
Operational Tools – User Interfaces for Real-Time Management
To help operators manage such a large and intricate system, McKinley uses several custom-built interface screens running on iPads and touchscreen PCs:
- Station Manager – Allows each station’s lead operator to assign platforms and manage scheduled train arrivals and departures.
- Freight/Yard Manager – Guides operators in preparing and shunting rolling stock as per timetable and freight needs.
- Ops Manager – Central controller triggers and monitors schedules across the entire railway.
- Timetable Manager – Oversees timekeeping and overall network performance, with powers to introduce, delay, or cancel trains.
- Era Manager – Updates rolling stock and services over time to reflect changing railway periods.
Timetable Integration
The database supports a full working timetable, running from 6 a.m. to midnight in railway time. It schedules all train movements, assigns platforms, and coordinates rolling stock logistics at each location. Freight and passenger operations are integrated, with RFID enabling the accurate tracking and marshalling of wagon sets.
Operators interact with the timetable via the screens mentioned above, while the Traffic Software ensures that real-world movements match the data model and are safely routed by Train Controller.
Conclusion
McKinley’s technical infrastructure has been engineered over two decades to support a seamless, deeply immersive railway experience. The combination of LocoNet, Train Controller, RFID, and the railway database—each individually strong—creates a powerful and integrated system. It balances automation with human operation and supports accurate, real-time railway logistics across a sprawling layout.